Air Pollution: An Unparalleled Health Crisis – Responses from Kolkata’s residents

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  • Published in: CASC
  • 7th April, 2021
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India is once again on the headlines due to its toxic air and exceptionally high rates of respiratory diseases and

other health threats associated with it. 22 out of the worlds’ 30 cities with the worst air quality are in India. West Bengal, located in the eastern part of India, is faced with complex meteorological and anthropogenic factors, which for decades have degraded the quality of air in the State. A recent Lancet study has revealed that West Bengal has seen about 11 times more deaths from air pollution in 2019 as compared to COVID-19 related deaths in 2020. The toll on our lives, economies and businesses posed by air pollution has been enormous yet little attention is paid to mitigate poor air quality.  

SwitchON Foundation conducted a perception based survey on health impacts caused due to air pollution in February-March 2021. A total of 914 responses were collected from slum settlements in the city of Kolkata from all age groups with a strong focus on children belonging to the age groups of less than 10 years. Some of the findings state :

How is air pollution perceived among the most affected? 

In metropolitan cities, exposure to high pollution levels impacts everyone. Delhi based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) report revealed that In Kolkata, weekly average level of PM2.5 jumped 13 times from the cleanest week of August to the most polluted week of December. The most vulnerable population are those who are exposed to ambient air pollution for a prolonged period of time without any precautions. With the heavy exodus of rural-urban migration, as thousands of migrants move and settle in the city fringes, they are often settled in shanty settlements with improper shelter and lack clean sanitation facilities where they are exposed to high levels of particulate matter pollution. Coupled with that, people who work as drivers, construction workers, traffic personnels and in industries, roadside stalls, brick kilns etc, are more exposed to ambient air pollution due to their exposure to an open environment for a long period of time. The study revealed some interesting findings on how they perceive air pollution and the associated health risks that come along. 

Eye irritation and chest discomfort among children under 10 years old was higher than people aged 31-50 years. Amongst people aged 31-50 years, respondents revealed breathlessness while walking to be the highest perceived health risk. 

“Breathlessness is an indicator of lung failure and pulmonary disorders. Globally, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is referred to as a disease of smokers, but in Bengal, it is caused as a result of air pollution in children even below 14 years old” mentions Dr Manas Ranjan Roy of Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute.

Breathlessness while walking was observed to be the highest among drivers while eye irritation and breathlessness while climbing was common among construction workers as they are exposed to ambient air pollution due to construction and road dust and vehicular emissions. 

Among housewives, the highest health risk perceived was eye irritation caused due to indoor air pollution consisting of cooking fuels, road dusts and smoking. 

Dr Arup Halder, Consultant Pulmologists at Columbia Asia and Woodlands Superspeciality Hospitals mentioned that “Though we Indians often boast of our immunity, none of us have an immunity to PM 2.5.  We suffer 3 deaths every minute contributed by air pollution. So when we are planning a recovery of our economy after COVID pandemic,  it should be a ‘green recovery’ with sustainable developments.”

West Bengal at a glance 

The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) revealed that nearly 40% of the air pollution related deaths in India were reported from Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra. Of all the states, Bengal ranked fourth and topped the list of socio-demographic index (SDI) classification.  The situation rapidly degrades each year. Recently, news reports came floating that majority residents of Kolkata are exposed to outdoor air pollution. People in the city belonging to the age group of 25- 50 years are the most affected by stroke as a result of particulate matter effects caused by inhaling minute to ultrafine pollutants in the air. Respiratory diseases in the State have outnumbered several other non-respiratory diseases by almost 81.5%.

Percentages of top three respiratory diseases associated with air pollution in males and females across all age groups from 1991 to 2019

Source: Global Burden of Diseases Software, ICMR

SwitchON Foundation also conducted an analysis of national health data of percentage of total deaths due to air pollution on 5-14 years of age group. It was observed that West Bengal was neck to neck with Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) in percentage of total number of air pollution related deaths for 3 consecutive years ( 2017, 2018 and 2019). This clearly shows the status of pollution in the State is as bad as Delhi and NCR region. 

Way forward:  

Vinay Jaju of SwitchON Foundation says, “ There is an urgent need to recognise air pollution as a health threat. Just as mitigation for COVID-19 involved active action from the governments and citizens, air pollution mitigation should be viewed similarly. Creating awareness of the issue is the right first step in this direction along with focussed interventions and sustainable planning.” 

West Bengal needs to cut down on 47% of its PM2.5 count to meet the 30% reduction in the ambient air quality standards by 2024 as set by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). It is high time that our decision makers identify air pollution as a problem and carefully design short and long term mitigation strategies. In addition, there is an urgent need to understand that those who are exposed to open environments for prolonged time periods are the most vulnerable to the issue. Further reinforcing vulnerability to the issue, economic conditions play a critical role in terms of access to basic health amenities. Citizens have already started identifying it as a problem, however, sensitisation is still required around recognizing it as a major health threat. Advocacy around this issue is both immediate and necessary. This has started with the inception of Bengal Clean Air Network (Bengal-CAN), a network of doctors, youths and conscious civil society concerned about degrading quality of air in the State. “BengalCAN as a network of several stakeholders has been reaching out to decision makers and citizens alike in order to create awareness and take up strong steps to mitigate air pollutions through citizens led public advocacy campaigns” said Gargi Maitra of BengalCAN.

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